The Fortress of Knowledge: How Academic Specialization Built Walls Where It Promised Windows
The modern research university promised to liberate inquiry from the dogmatic insularity of medieval scholasticism. Instead, it has produced a new kind of intellectual confinement—one defined not by theological orthodoxy but by disciplinary boundary enforcement, professional gatekeeping, and the quiet penalization of scholars who read too widely. The irony would not have been lost on the men who invented the research university.